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标题: 每日外刊 |谁算难民? [打印本页]

作者: 子曰汉硕刘老师    时间: 2021-8-4 17:50
标题: 每日外刊 |谁算难民?
本帖最后由 子曰汉硕刘老师 于 2021-8-4 17:52 编辑

背景知识

广义来说,难民是指由于天灾或人祸而生活无着落、流离失所、需要离开原居地的人。严格意义上的难民,是根据联合国1951年的一份国际公约以及联合国在1967年修订的关于难民身份的一份议定书所共同订立的。该定义是:基于一种可以证明成立的理由,由于种族、宗教、国籍、身为某一特定社会团体的成员、或具有某种政治见解的原因而畏惧遭受迫害并留身在其本国之外,并由于这样的畏惧而不能或不愿意受该国保护的人,或者一个无国籍的人,或国家灭亡的人,并由于上述事情留在他以前经常居住国以外而不能、或由于上述畏惧而不愿意返回该国的人。国际法确立的对难民的保护的原则主要有两个,即“不推回”原则和“国际团结合作原则”。前者要求,除非有正当理由认为难民有足以危害其所处国家的安全等其他严重情形,任何国家不得以任何方式,将难民驱逐或送回其生命或自由受到威胁的领土边界;后者要求,世界各国在难民的接纳、安置、援助、保护,难民事务开支的分摊以及消除和减少难民的产生的根源方面有责任加强团结与合作。

正文阅读

Who counts as a refugee?

谁算难民?

Wars have always had civilian victims. But it was the scale of the two world wars of the early 20th century that prompted governments to draw up international laws to protect some of the people displaced by them. On July 28th 1951 the United Nations adopted the “Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees”, which came into force in 1954. Commonly known as the “Refugee Convention”, this provided a set of guidelines on the treatment of people fleeing persecution. So who does, and who does not, meet its definition of a “refugee”? And to what protection are they entitled?

战争总是有平民受害者。但正是20世纪初的两次世界大战的规模促使各国政府制定国际法来保护一些因战争而流离失所的人。1951年7月28日,联合国通过了《关于难民地位的公约》,并于1954年生效。这通常被称为“难民公约”,提供了一套关于如何对待逃离迫害的人的指导方针。那么,谁符合《公约》对“难民”的定义,谁又不符合?他们有权得到什么保护?

The Refugee Convention defines a refugee as “someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.” The fundamental provision of the document is that of “non-refoulement”, which prohibits sending people back to countries where they face a “credible” threat of persecution.

《难民公约》将难民定义为“因种族、宗教、国籍、特定社会群体的成员身份或政治观点而有充分理由害怕受到迫害而不能或不愿返回原籍国的人”。该文件的基本条款是“不遣返”条款,该条款禁止将面临“可信的”迫害威胁的人们遣返回国。

The document also demands that countries will not punish refugees who entered their countries illegally, if they arrived “directly” from the place they were threatened. The convention also outlines refugees’ rights to work, housing and education in their host countries. Over time, tribunals in various countries have broadened their interpretation of the convention. The rights conferred by the convention are buttressed by other human-rights treaties, such as the convention against torture.

如果他们是从受到威胁的地方“直接”抵达各国的话,该文件还要求各国不会惩罚非法入境的难民。该公约还概述了难民在收容国的工作、住房和教育权利。随着时间的推移,各国的法庭扩大了对公约的解释。该公约赋予的权利受到了其他人权条约的支持,如《禁止酷刑公约》。

今日单词


素材来源
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文发布时间:28 Jul. 2021

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